dialectology

In this course, I discovered the most interesting aspects of lingustical transformation. The language is a reflection of our thoughts, mentality, and our expression towards the world. The historical circumstances, traditions, and culture have a great influence on language. The way in which we speak identifies us who we are. This is our identity. Through the course of dialectology, we found the different lingustical variations of American English. There are vernacular and social dialects, which have interesting historical development. USA is a big country with many ethno groups, which have their own history, traditions, and ways of development. Therefore, it is not surprisingly that all those dialects so different, unusual, and unique.
The study of dialects itself is, the study of variant features within a language, their history, differences of form and meaning, interrelationships, distribution, and, more broadly, their spoken as distinct from their literary forms. This discipline recognizes all variations within the bounds of any given language; it classifies and interprets them according to historical origins, principles of development, characteristic features, areal distribution, and social correlates. For example when we talk about AAE, we all realize the history of African American ethnicity and understand the way in which their dialect had been formed. So it is all about dialects. Now we are witnesses another lingustical revolution is the bilingual transformation of Spanish English. Again we can follow all steps to answer on one simple question is why do we have such kind of phenomenon as Spanish English. There is because of great population of Spanish speakers in the country. However to find out the deep roots of lingustical transformation we should look very carefully in anthropological and etymological retrospections. Because every language is own culture and history of ethno group. And we are investigators on philological fields who wants to learn all those aspects in the lingustical system.

Gender identity

People concerne about issues of social inequality. There is a relationship between our language use and our social reality. If we "erase" women from language, that makes it easier to maintain gender inequality. [M]ale-based generics are another indicator—and, more importantly, a reinforcer—of a system in which "man" in the abstract and men in the flesh are privileged over women. Words matter, and our language choices have consequences. If we believe that women and men deserve social equality, then we should think seriously about how to reflect that belief in our language use. The clear example of gendered language is the way the words "Mr.," "Miss," and "Mrs." are used. "Mr." can refer to any man, regardless of whether he is single or married—but women are defined by their relationship to men (by whether they are married or not). A way around this is to use "Ms." (which doesn't indicate marital status) to refer to women. Sometimes we modify nouns that refer to jobs or positions to denote the sex of the person holding that position. This often done if the sex of the person holding the position goes against conventional expectations. To get a sense of these expectations, think about what sex you would instinctively assume the subject of each of these sentences to be
The doctor walked into the room.The nurse walked into the room.
Many people assume that doctors are men and that nurses are women. Because of such assumptions, someone might write sentences like "The female doctor walked into the room" or "The male nurse walked into the room." Using "female" and "male" in this way reinforces the assumption that most or all doctors are male and most or all nurses are female. Unless the sex of the nurse or doctor is important to the meaning of the sentence, it can be omitted. Also good examples of using gender identity in language are the nouns: fireman, firefighter, mail carrier, letter carrier, postal worker, police officer, congress person, legislator, representative, freshman, congressman. There are much more examples of gender identity in language. Because of our historical development of the society, we have specific preferring the male identity in language. All work occupations we identify as a male opportunity. While a women always associated in our society as a weak beings, who don not have a social power. Because of that patriarchate culture the female identification in the work occupation on the lowest level.

Class discussion

What about class analysis I would like to make a little-bit research about that interesting subject. By looking at class and activity in class, I made interesting observation. It is interesting how people from different social, economical, cultural, and vernacular backgrounds try to find solutions and ideas for critical discussions. Class activity and freedom of the speech make us to show all our experience and social issues, which we cannot identify in usual class activity. Say me the way how you are talking and I will say you who you are. Of cause, it is issue that is more psychological, however, it is so interesting to observe characters, and behaviors people by listening them. Not surprisingly, because in that class we learn not just dialectological academical definitions, also we learn parts of anthropology and history. The way how that sciences connect with each other so unique. It is a beautiful picture of development of our mentality and expression toward the world. The ethnical and religious backgrounds mixes give us the most unusual history of humanity in language. Moreover, when we are discussing about those different lingustical paths and variations we share with each other at least one common factor—our experience and expressions, which help us to realize who we are.

Class discussion

What about class analysis I would like to make a little-bit research about that interesting subject. By looking at class and activity in class, I made interesting observation. It is interesting how people from different social, economical, cultural, and vernacular backgrounds try to find solutions and ideas for critical discussions. Class activity and freedom of the speech make us to show all our experience and social issues, which we cannot identify in usual class activity. Say me the way how you are talking and I will say you who you are. Of cause, it is issue that is more psychological, however, it is so interesting to observe characters, and behaviors people by listening them. Not surprisingly, because in that class we learn not just dialectological academical definitions, also we learn parts of anthropology and history. The way how that sciences connect with each other so unique. It is a beautiful picture of development of our mentality and expression toward the world. The ethnical and religious backgrounds mixes give us the most unusual history of humanity in language. Moreover, when we are discussing about those different lingustical paths and variations we share with each other at least one common factor—our experience and expressions, which help us to realize who we are.

Californian dialect

In any language, we can see a variable diversity. In American English, because of social aspects that diversity the most recognizable and colorful. Population in United States consists from the different ethnic groups, communities, because that country is an immigrant’s land. Therefore, it is not surprisingly that we have the most large linguistical diversity around the world. For example, large ethnic group of Mexican-American population in California created their own dialect Chicano English. Usually it is very common in the area bilingual speakers to mix native language with second language. Grammar, lexicon pass between two language with specific adaptation. Minor ethnic group uses special “lingustical glue” to adopt both languages in one surge. In addition, because today Hispanic speakers have a great population in California Americans also adopted some innovations in American English. Also a great influence on language played Chinese and Japan ethnic groups, which had their settlement since 1950 yy. after a Second World War. Another influence was created by Hollywood images. All that lingustical innovations depended from social and historical aspects. As any language American English transformed in a new form and will be have other transformations while political, historical and demographical aspects will be have developing.

ethnography of speaking

Ethnography of speaking

SPEECH IN COGNITIVE AND EXPRESSIVE BEHAVIOR
In the study of ethnography , presumably three things will hold true: 1. the discipline of linguistics will continue to contribute studies of the history, structure, and use of languages; 2. in other disciplines, linguistic concepts and practices will be qualified, reinterpreted, subsumed, and perhaps sometimes re-diffused in changed form into linguistics; 3. linguistics will remain the discipline responsible for coordinating knowledge about verbal behavior from the viewpoint of language itself.

In our concern is the role of phonological habits in the perception and interpretation of sounds, there exists an abundance of theory, technique, and experimental work. The concern is the role of semantic habits in perception and interpretation of experience, there is no such abundance. Some experimental testing has been done (see comment in Hymes 1961b), but we cannot adequately investigate the role of semantic habits in ordinary behavior without knowledge of the semantic habits that are available to play a role, and such knowledge can be gained only by description in relation to native contexts of use. In other words, we need a semantic analysis that is a part of ethnography.As a narrative reflection of reality ethnography requests for a structural analysis, achieving the economics of the rules of a grammar in relation to a series of analyses of texts. As we can see from our texts we saw two different reflections of the speaking. One is a closest community (church members in specific region South London) and another is a examples of the phenomena as a “Kros” definition of the New Guinea. Different kinds of the interactions, lingustical expressions (as an semantical level). How do social-cultural expectations reflect on the speech and behavior people. As the closest ties of the definitions of the mental system in the anthropological view. How is it different from our lingustical behavior in the class? Freedom of the speech, however politeness and official expression, following the main topic of the class theme. All that 3 variable lingustical situations give as a good observations about ethnography and relation ethnography with psychology and anthropology.

ydenysen

ethnography of speaking

Ethnography of speaking

SPEECH IN COGNITIVE AND EXPRESSIVE BEHAVIOR
In the study of ethnography , presumably three things will hold true: 1. the discipline of linguistics will continue to contribute studies of the history, structure, and use of languages; 2. in other disciplines, linguistic concepts and practices will be qualified, reinterpreted, subsumed, and perhaps sometimes re-diffused in changed form into linguistics; 3. linguistics will remain the discipline responsible for coordinating knowledge about verbal behavior from the viewpoint of language itself.

In our concern is the role of phonological habits in the perception and interpretation of sounds, there exists an abundance of theory, technique, and experimental work. The concern is the role of semantic habits in perception and interpretation of experience, there is no such abundance. Some experimental testing has been done (see comment in Hymes 1961b), but we cannot adequately investigate the role of semantic habits in ordinary behavior without knowledge of the semantic habits that are available to play a role, and such knowledge can be gained only by description in relation to native contexts of use. In other words, we need a semantic analysis that is a part of ethnography.As a narrative reflection of reality ethnography requests for a structural analysis, achieving the economics of the rules of a grammar in relation to a series of analyses of texts. As we can see from our texts we saw two different reflections of the speaking. One is a closest community (church members in specific region South London) and another is a examples of the phenomena as a “Kros” definition of the New Guinea. Different kinds of the interactions, lingustical expressions (as an semantical level). How do social-cultural expectations reflect on the speech and behavior people. As the closest ties of the definitions of the mental system in the anthropological view. How is it different from our lingustical behavior in the class? Freedom of the speech, however politeness and official expression, following the main topic of the class theme. All that 3 variable lingustical situations give as a good observations about ethnography and relation ethnography with psychology and anthropology.

ydenysen

prescription in language

Yuliya Denysenko
English 2030




Prescriptions in languages.



From my own experience and background, because I’m myself a linguist in

Slovenian languages I’m a prescriptionist and prefer a correct using of languages. I don’t

think that is a big secret that our speech and writing reflect the intellectual development

and cultural level. If you want to know somebody more closely just try to analyze the

way how a person expresses his ideas. The correct language with a great, colorful

rich lexicon and correct grammar will tell you that you talk with educated and intellectual

opponent. However, poor lexicon, jargonisms with negative expression on semantical,

phonological and lexical layers can tell you a lot about that person. Uneducated, not

open-minded, sometimes with mental disorders in the cases of pathological linguistical

defects. Usually educated people very carefully choose the tools for communications and

information. Because, language is our reflection as a mirror of our souls. The great

science as a neirolingustical programming can describes the different methodological

pathways for explaining such kinds of phenomena as non-normative language. Usually

even on phonological level the messages, which we sent for our recipients contains not

just clear messages, but also give the statements and commands for mind (the sound’s

waives of Shuchardt).

So the using of the correct language with rich and positive emotional expressions

is the key for psychological wellbeing. Especially it is very important for children.

Because intellectual developing depends on different issues and as adults we suppose to

help to develop mental abilities of the children. In any genealogy of every language we

keep all mental, mythological experience and our expression toward that world. And than

more rich and expressive language we use than more high intellectual abilities we have.